Different Aspects Of Love Essay Example

Different Aspects Of Love Essay A tragic love story of two star cross lovers which reveal many aspects of love. The impetuous Romeo certainly demonstrates different responses as love develops.In the opening scenes, Romeos mother, Lady Montague, asks Benvolio, Romeos friend if he knows his where abouts. Dramatically the audience learns of Romeos troubled mind. From this you can see Romeo is love sick and depressed. (I i 11) Shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out and makes himself an artificial night. His sadness, tears orgmenting and deep sighs. You can see this when Romeo enters the scene. Benvolio is asked by Lady Montague and Montague why Romeo is so depressed and the reason for his mood.Romeo is in love with a lady called Rosaline but is out of favor with her. Romeo has never been in love before and hasnt experienced the emotion in which he is feeling. Romeo is enjoying being in love, never before has he felt this way about anyone. The language reflects Romeos confusion and is obvious from the metaphors t hat Romeos view of love is imaginary and not real. How would he know if this feeling he got was love, he hasnt had any feelings for anyone else! Later during the scene, Romeo is still wallowing in unrequited love. Rosaline does not love Romeo back and Benvolio suggests to Romeo that there are plenty of beauties out there. Romeo does not want to hear this at all.Romeos friends persuade him to go to the Capulets party. They gathered that Romeo might find someone fairer than Rosaline. Romeo agreed to go the party because of the fact he read that Rosaline would be attending the party.The convention of the ball was Masks and this would allow easy entry for Romeo and his friends into their enemys house. Romeo sets out to find Rosaline but immediately falls in love at first sight, with Juliet. Oh she doth teach the torches to shine bright (I 5 45). Romeo uses religious imagery which is symbolic that love is deeper, and suggests the idea of meeting with great passion. It is written as a son net which makes the event much more important. This is a form of poetry which reflects the language, especially love poetry in Shakespeares time.Juliet feels the same way for Romeo as he does for her, and they both realize they have fallen in love with the enemy. Romeos love for Juliet means him risking his safety to be with his love. Romeo is prepared to risk everything, even his family name for Juliets sake. The marriage must remain a secret and Friar Lawrence agrees to help the young lovers. Romeo must make practical arrangements with the nurse for the wedding nightAfter the success of the secret marriage, Romeos attitude towards his enemies, the Capulets changes. Tybalt challenges Romeo to a duel and Romeo refuses. Mercutio especially and Romeos other friends are angered and insulted with his refusal to fight. Tragedy occurs when Romeo tries to prevent Mercutio and Tybalt fighting. For a moment in time, Romeos friendship for Mercutio overcomes his love for Juliet and his marriag e, guilt and sorrow at his friend death vanishes his intensions to be loving towards his in laws, killers of his friend. In revenge Romeo kills Tybalt and is vanished.Romeo is distraught in what he has done; Juliet is his love, his soul mate, being without such love, unimaginable. This will destroy her. Friar Lawrence tries to comfort Romeo, but Romeo ignores his attempt to stop him weeping and tries to stab himself. The friar tells Romeo to be a man and to comfort his love, his wife.The nurse brought a ring from Juliet to Romeo which makes him realize that this tragedy has not destroyed what they have- each other and their love for one another. To send a ring in Shakespeares time was a token of love. Some people might do that today, where others use it as a sign of friendship. Romeo would not physically do anything to hurt Juliet and cares more about Juliet than his own sorrow. The poetry of the lovers wedding night reflects the emotion of their love.That night, Romeo has a dream t hat his lady found him dead. This is a sense of dramatic irony (5 1 6).Back with the nurse at Juliets house, she has been proposed to by a rich young man, and is to marry him this coming Thursday. Juliet panics and doesnt know what to do. She tries to send a message to Romeo to tell him of her death, but it fails to get there. Juliet has everything planned, she is willing to give up everything, her life, well nearly, to be with Romeo and so she swallows the poison.Balfazar hears of Juliets death and at once tells Romeo, but Balfazar does not know that Juliet will wake from her long sleep, to make a new start with Romeo.Romeo cannot live alone; his word also suggests his eternal quality of his love and defies even the stars to join his lady in death. Here once again, Romeo is willing to give up his life as he can not bare not to be with his love, Juliet. Love is consuming as Romeo found out.

Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care Practice

Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care Practice Free Online Research Papers Depression has been described as the common cold of mental health problems (Hotopf, 1996) and 90 % of depression is managed in primary care (Mann, 1992). The National Service Framework (NSF, DoH, 1999) identifies cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a major component of primary mental health care services, as it has a strong effectiveness research tradition (Salkovskis, 2002). CBT is a short term, structured form of therapy that provides clients with a rationale for understanding their problems (Blackburn Davidson, 1990). CBT requires a sound therapeutic alliance; the therapist should demonstrate warmth, genuine regard and competence (Beck, 1995). It follows the premise that psychological problems arise as a direct consequence of faulty patterns of thinking and behaviour (Maphosa et al, 2000). In mild depression the person ruminates on negative themes and CBT examines the effects of people’s thoughts on how they feel and what they do (J. Williams, 1997). It is now com mon to draw out the central elements of CBT to offer a more condensed intervention (Teasdale, 1985). Self-help materials are usually given to clients as homework (Richards et al, 2003). Bower et al (2001) found that self-help techniques can have considerable impact on a broad range of mental health problems. Guided self-help should be considered for clients with mild depression. It is a collaborative form of psychotherapy; the client learns new skills of self-management that they can put into practice in their daily lives (DoH, 2003). The following analysis examines the role-play of a primary care graduate mental health worker (PCGMHW). These workers were part of a government plan to enhance mental health services in primary care (DoH, 2000). Throughout this analysis strengths and weaknesses of the therapist will be discussed and what improvements can be made to the demonstrated clinical skills. Introduction to the session The objective of assessment is to find out about the difficulties that are impacting upon a client’s life and to inform decisions of interventions to be offered, taking into consideration the client’s own perceptions of the nature and cause of the problems (Maphosa et al, 2000). The referral letter can lead preliminary decisions about the assessment; usually the information provided in the letter is quite restricted so an assessment is necessary to build on this (Maphosa et al, 2000). The initial meeting is a critical part of the session as this is when the therapeutic relationship begins (Newell, 1994). The therapist began the role-play by greeting the client and introducing herself and then ascertained by what name the client preferred to be known. She immediately gave an overview of the session, as small talk may prolong the client’s anxiety around divulging personal information to a stranger (Newell, 2000). She proceeded to explain her role though only briefly and did not explain comprehensively the nature of self-help and in what way she would act as a facilitator to these sessions; this is a crucial part of acquainting the client to the sessions, as the client may be unaware of why his referral was made and what is to be expected throughout the session. A therapist would want to remove uncertainty in this situation as it detracts the client’s attention away from the session ( Newell, 2000). Session length was clarified; this helps to reduce anxiety and to give the client the opportunity to prioritise the issues to be discussed (Newell, 2000). An agenda was touched on at the start, though the therapist ought to have outlined the procedures to be followed during the process and exactly why the information was needed and to what purpose it would be put. This helps motivate the client to cooperate and improves trust (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). Within primary care the number of sessions a client should expect is six, recent studies have illustrated that this had comparable outcomes to 12 sessions (Newman et al, 1997). However, this, and how often future sessions would be was not made clear to the client. In forthcoming sessions the therapist will incorporate this information, as Barkham et al. (1996) determined that improvements were more rapid when limits were placed on the number of sessions. An essential part of initiating the client to the session is establishing the rules around confidentiality. The client should feel that their privacy is respected but also understand that confidence needs to be broken if theirs or someone else’s safety is at risk (Davies, 1997). In this role-play the client was advised of issues in relation to confidentiality, he was made aware of when confidentiality may be broken and why notes were being taken and assured they would be kept locked away. Note taking should not interfere with the communication process (Munro et al, 1989). The therapist demonstrated good verbal interaction while note taking. Information Gathering and Questioning Style The body of the interview is aimed at attaining the objectives. In this role-play the therapist is interested in learning the causes of the client’s presenting depression and how it is affecting his daily routine. The interview is more than an information gathering process: it is the first stage of active management. This may be the first opportunity for a patient to tell his full story or to be taken seriously, and the experience should be cathartic in itself (Davies, 1997). Open questions are used at the beginning to get a general idea of the client’s difficulties at that time, these encourage clients to talk and to concentrate on the present situation and help establish a rapport (Davies, 1997). This was demonstrated when the therapist asked for the client’s view on how he sees life at the moment and if he thought the term depression â€Å"fits† with how he feels. Such questioning allows the client free rein to discuss issues of relevance to him. The therapist should proceed to specific open questions (Newell, 2000). These include the 4 Ws, the core essentials for a structured interview. These are questions used to identify ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘with whom’ and ‘when’ does the client notice his problems becoming worse or easier (Briddon et al, 2003). In this role-play they are not laid out in such an obvious, rote manner. For example, â€Å"do you have a good relationship with your manager?†, â€Å"how’s everything with your partner?† are used to identify if he is having any social or personal relationship difficulties. Questions relating to support networks give an understanding of how the patient organises his life and whether he has close confiding relationships. While knowledge of his occupation gives an insight into his life style, financial security and network of relationships. Lack of these has been found to be vulnerability factors for depre ssion (Brown Harris, 1978). In this situation the therapist asked about these issues to determine if anything else was impacting on the client’s depression. Throughout the role-play the therapist used the client’s answers to form the next question; this makes the session more interactive and not too formal. Clients with depression do not want to have to answer lists of questions but want an opportunity to talk comfortably, and the therapist needs a chance to listen carefully (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Sessions delivered within a cognitive behavioural framework aim to elicit the client’s difficulties in terms of the autonomic, behavioural and cognitive (ABC) aspects surrounding depression. At this stage the therapist incorporates closed questions. These are used to elicit specific information and form a checklist of symptoms often found in depression (Davies, 1997), such as poor appetite, sleep, concentration (France Robson, 1997). The effect these have on his work and home life and any other problems which may be contributing factors to the overall picture (France Robson, 1997). The triggers for depression vary, for some there will be a clear reason but for others the reasons are less clear (Briddon et al, 2003). During the role-play the therapist asks questions about â€Å"talk of redundancy at work†, this is done in a circuitous way, e.g., â€Å"so it’s problems at work, that feeling of stress, would that be right?†, rather than directly asking the client if he thinks this is the trigger. In future situations it would be preferable to do so as it would further integrate the client into the session. Garland et al (2002) highlight key questions to establish the presence of reduced and unhelpful activity. The therapist in this role-play asks, â€Å"is there anything†¦you’ve stopped doing?† â€Å"have you started doing anything†¦more than you would have before?† Asking such questions helps the client begin to identify his own vicious circle of depression (Garland et al, 2002). This process of starting with open questions, then asking specific open questions and then closed questions is described as ‘funnelling’ (Briddon et al, 2003). To get to the key thoughts that the client is having about his present situation the therapist introduces Socratic questioning, which is aimed at guided discovery (Padesky, 1993). The client mentions that he feels useless and a failure, the thera pist pursue this thought and asks, â€Å"if people did think you were a failure what would that mean for you?† In future sessions the therapist would examine these thoughts further with a view to helping the client challenge his negative thoughts, however, that was out of the scope of this role-play. At times the therapist was leading the client in his answers, e.g., â€Å"so it could be possible you’re feeding off everyone else’s fears?† rather than guiding him to his answers, she could be more mindful of the Socratic technique in further sessions. In this role-play the therapist asks about suicide and self-harm utilising a frank approach, while letting the client know that these thoughts are common. Dexter and Wash (1995) advocate considering all clients with depression as potentially suicidal. Such thoughts are common in people with mental health problems and can be frightening, sufferers are often relieved to find someone to share with and to learn that these thoughts are common (Davies, 1997). The therapist could have pursued this area further, although she asked the client if he felt he had a good support network, this does not necessarily mean that he had someone he felt he could confide in. Problem Formulation When the therapist was satisfied that the relevant areas had been covered she ‘recapped’ what she considered to be pertinent information. The aim of the interview is to pull together the idiosyncratic components of the problem, to identify problem triggers and the overall impact so that the therapist and client are able to consider the next steps (Maphosa et al, 2000). Giving the client a clear conceptualisation of their problem has been associated with beneficial clinical outcome (Power Brewin, 1997). At this point the therapist asked â€Å"do you think that’s everything, is there anything else that’s causing you stress?† and â€Å"do you think that fits with how you feel at the moment?† This allows the client to reflect on the information he has given the therapist and confirm whether the therapist has accurately captured it. Once formulated the effects of the client’s problems should be illustrated to the client using a simple experiment (France Robson, 1997). In this role-play the therapist introduced the client to the ABC model using a diagram (see appendix 1). The ABC model presents a visual representation of the meaning of emotion for both therapist and client and imparts a depiction of the client’s individual experience of emotion. It illustrates the ‘vicious circle’ of depression (Briddon et al, 2003). In the role-play the therapist explained to the client in what ways the different aspects impact on each other. This association crucially enhances the client’s self-esteem and removes a sense of exclusion (France Robson, 1997). The rationale of how depression comes about and how it can be treated can bring a feeling of control and hope (Blackburn Davidson, 1990). Explanations of psychological symptoms and problems likely to be useful to clients include explanation of feedback mechanisms between thoughts, emotions and behaviour (Cape et al, 2000). In the role-play the therapist also looks at the effects the environment has on the model, as something in the environment is quite often the trigger for depression. Decision Making Once the links between A, B and C had been established the therapist introduced possible service options as a way to break the cycle of depression. However, these were only briefly introduced, e.g., â€Å"a good place to start would be your behaviour†¦maybe phone a friend.† In future sessions the therapist will explain why behaviour is a good place to start, as a rationale for interventions enhances greater client involvement and understanding of their difficulties (Newell, 2000). One of the main reasons that therapists’ instructions are not followed is due to inadequate communication skills (Sanson-Fisher Maguire, 1980). Sleep hygiene, looking at negative thought patterns and problem solving were also offered as interventions. These are technical terms that could have been clarified further. Clear problems evolve from this; if the client cannot understand what is being explained to him important information may be missed (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). It also ex cludes the client from the collaborative process of his own therapy. Furthermore, the client may feel his situation is not being taken seriously (Cassell, 1982). The therapist can further confuse the client by jumping from one topic to the next and failing to summarise or to ask the client to do so (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). Anti-depressant medication had been discussed earlier in the session, further consideration was not given to this as an intervention as the client had decided not to pursue that option and NICE guidelines (2004) do not recommend anti-depressant medication for mild depression. While outlining the service options in future sessions, the therapist will give the client more time to consider each one as thinking processes are slowed and negatively biased in depression (Garland et al, 2002); and give the client an opportunity to feedback on each option. In the role-play the client was given a copy of the ABC-E model and the different service options available, this augments what has been discussed in the session, as it is unlikely that the client will have retained in detail what had been discussed (Garland et al, 2002). At the end of the session the therapist gave the client self-help booklets on sleep problems and information on depression, it was not within the scope of the role-play to discuss these booklets in detail, however, information in this format helps the client focus on issues discussed in session and areas of his life that he would like to prioritise. Use of self-help materials is helpful in enhancing suggestions for change (Kupshik Fisher, 1999). Interpersonal Skills Rogers (1967) posited that the fundamental therapist manner of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard are both necessary and sufficient for implementing therapeutic change in clients. Empathy signifies to the client that the therapist has understood the feeling the client is experiencing. Balint (1969) described patient-centred medicine as â€Å"understanding the patient as a unique human being†. Concepts such as ‘user involvement’ and ‘patient empowerment’ became active in health policy during the late 1980s and 1990s (e.g., NHS Executive, 1996). Patients are considered to be active ‘consumers’ who have the right to a certain standard of treatment with access to information and should be actively involved in their treatment (Mead Bower, 2000). In patient-centred care developing a therapeutic alliance is a prerequisite instead of an ’extra’ and enhances the sense of partnership and increases client perce ption of the relevance or potency of an intervention (Mead Bower, 2000). Throughout the role-play the therapist makes reference to therapist and client collaboration when identifying the different service options available, she continually emphasised that the options would be something worked on together. Engaging in a positive therapeutic relationship allows the client to feel free to discuss emotional problems; an association of positive therapeutic relationship with clinical outcome is one of the most robust findings in psychological treatment research (Horvath Luborsky, 1993). Interpersonal skills are a crucial way of building on the therapeutic relationship. Therapist factors are active listening, empathy and a genuine concern for the client (Horvath Luborsky, 1993). There are a number of ways of doing this. Reinforcement throughout the session is a beneficial way of ensuring relevant information. The therapist used such remarks as ‘yes’, and minimal prompts, e.g., head nods; this lets the client know that a particular piece of information is important (Burnard, 1999) and that the therapist is listening (Krasner, 1958). Reflection is a useful way of prompting the client for more information. The therapist used this process of repeating back the last few words or phrase that the client had used. Such remarks should be highlighted straight away and not kept for later on in the session as they may have lost their relevance (Burnard, 1999). The therapist maintained good eye contact throughout the session. Eye contact has a role in regul ating and controlling the course of communication and is an important signal for turn taking in conversation. It is also a further way of indicating that the therapist is listening (D. Williams, 1997). Structure to interviewing style is intended as a guideline, it can be confusing for a client if they cannot continue on a certain topic but are asked about a number of topics (Dillon, 1990). During this role-play the therapist got side tracked on occasions, e.g., she asked about his work situation and sleep at different points in the session instead of following through at the time these problems were mentioned. Throughout the interview process the therapist should ask for feedback from the client; it shows respect for the client in addition to making sure the therapist has all the relevant information, client understanding and reinforces the therapeutic relationship (Newell, 2000). Interviewing clients involves asking about feelings, thoughts, beliefs and behaviour, and relating the responses to the difficulties (Maphosa et al, 2000). These are quite complex issues and the therapist should ensure she has an idea of timings for each section so that some points aren’t discu ssed in a rushed manner, in this role-play the client didn’t leave enough time to discuss the service options, this is something to consider for subsequent sessions. It is also important to highlight to the client that the way he is feeling is quite common, to remove feelings of isolation. The therapist utilised this approach throughout the session. Information gathering should represent sufficiency and necessity. There should be sufficient information to glean necessary information from the client to ensure relevant client details are collected in terms of maintenance of their difficulties if interventions are to be successful (Newell, 2000). In the role-play the therapist was able to elicit key factors surrounding the client’s depression, such as stress at work. However, she lost sight of the structure at times, and although structure is used as a general guide, problems could arise if key ideas aren’t followed through, leading to inaccurate information and, therefore, inaccurate interventions. Awareness of using leading questions will also be something to take on board in the future, no one knows the client’s problems better than the client and the therapist doesn’t want to speak for the client, as this would not be beneficial for either the client or therapist. The importance of not using tec hnical language can’t be emphasised enough, this can seriously hamper the therapeutic relationship and the client may disengage from the process. The relationship between the autonomic, behavioural and cognitive aspects of depression was illustrated well. It is essential that clients understand the maintaining factors of depression or they will not appreciate how the vicious circle of depression can be broken. In future sessions the therapist could go into more detail of how depression is maintained as it is very common for client’s to misinterpret situations in ways that undermine their coping, as summarised by Epictetus, â€Å"Men are disturbed not by things, but the views they take of them† (Enright, 1997)}. Research Papers on Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care PracticeThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAW

How to Recognize the Signs of Burnout and Stay on Fire

How to Recognize the Signs of Burnout and Stay on Fire Don’t be the one who face-plants on the conference table because you failed to see the signs of your own exhaustion- or start to hate your job because you need a break badly, but never thought to take one. Get your energy and motivation back before you’re totally overwhelmed. Keep an eye out for these symptoms, learn to recognize them, and prepare yourself to stave off burn-out before it burns you.1. DisaffectionYou’re getting snarkier and more sarcastic with every passing meeting. Little things you would have shrugged off last year are suddenly sticking in your craw. A few eye-rolls at the absurdity of corporate speak are fine, but if you’re catching yourself venting your annoyance more frequently than usual, that might be a sign you’re almost at the breaking point.2. FatigueYou’re not just sleepy after the spaghetti you ate for lunch. You’re sleepy all the time. You wake up tired, get to the desk tired, go home too pooped to enjoy yo urself. You’re never â€Å"in the zone† anymore.3. StagnationYou’re not getting any pleasure out of minor victories or completed projects. You feel like you’re working tirelessly, but nothing seems to go anywhere.4. BoredomYou’ve got a billion tasks on your to-do list and projects on your plate, but you just can’t get past the boredom. You have a hard time engaging with your work.5. ProcrastinationWell, more procrastination than normal. Procrastination can actually be productive. But if you’re catching yourself not working more than you’re concentrating on your work, this may be a sign that you need a breather.6. Mystery Ailments and/or StressYou have a sudden onset of medically unexplainable headaches, stomach aches, or insomnia. The doctors say you’re fine, but you feel terrible. Often these symptoms can be stress-related- your body telling your brain you need a break!  These aren’t the only signs you might be close to burn-out, but they’re a good start. Do yourself a favor and take a step back to evaluate. Take stock of which parts of your job are satisfying or annoying- what tasks you like and what is causing you stress. Take a bigger look at whether you’re on track, not just in your job, but in your career. See if there are any steps you can take to be more engaged.Then, implement a plan for change. But don’t forget to take some time off first! You’ll need the extra energy to push you through. Schedule a vacation, take a few more breaks per day, delegate tasks that aren’t holding your attention, and try and focus on the parts of the job that you still love.It’s possible to work hard and relax hard; you just have to plan ahead.How to Recognize the Signs of Burnout Before You’re Burned Out

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Philosophy - Essay Example Also the character’s downfall raises pity and fear and eventually a tragedy provides catharsis or release of these emotions. Aristotle composes ‘Poetics’ about 50 years after Sophocles’ death in 345 BC. His admiration for Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King† is well-known. Since he considers the play as a perfect tragedy, it is not a surprise that his definition of a tragedy fits the play most perfectly. But the underlying flaw to which Aristotle makes himself vulnerable to is to establish his entire premise for a tragedy on a single example of his choice and then to proceed further inductively to define tragedy depending on this single example. Aristotle’s induction is somewhat as following: ‘Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King† is a perfect tragedy and it has some essential features. Therefore all perfect tragedies should incorporate these particular features that this play has’. But Aristotle is apparently obli vious to the risk that such induction poses. If Aristotle faces with another example of tragedy, having different features, that seem to appeal him as tragic, most likely he would change some of the requirements of his supposed tragedy to make it more embracing. Though some of Aristotle-induced features of a tragedy are Sophocles’ play-specific, most of them are universal. They are essentially the universal dynamics of a tragedy. For example, if Aristotle would have been allowed to watch the plays like â€Å"Hamlet† or â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, most likely Aristotle would expunge the doctrine of the downfall of a person of noble status or high rank. Aristotle considers drama as an essential medium of tragedy. According to him, a tragedy must not be a narrative. That is, it will not tell anything, rather it will show. For him, tragedy deals with an elevated or philosophical theme through dramatizing what may happen. It is different from history, since it can dr amatize the law of probability or what is possible according to the law of probability or necessity† (Aristotle 13). But history cannot deal the law of probability, since it deals with particulars. Why history cannot be dramatized lies in the fact that the cause-effect relationship between any two events is a subject to interpretation. Therefore, it does not allow an author to arrange the events in a cause-and-effect chain. But in a tragedy, the author is endowed with the freedom to manipulate the events in a universal cause-and-effect chain that create the possibility of an event as an effect of any preceding event. The tragic hero who undergoes these cause-and-effect chains of events are supposed to arouse both pity and fear, since the audience can envisage themselves in the same chains, but with different events. Since Aristotle is mostly concerned with the dramatization of the events and actions according to the laws of probability, plot occupies the central place among th e features of a tragedy. For Aristotle, plot is not the story itself, rather the â€Å"arrangement of the incidents† in a story. Indeed the incidents in a story should be arranged

Legal system and method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal system and method - Essay Example Four Judges heard the case as there were two appeals heard together. They were heard together as they both involved interpretation of section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957. 3. Which judge chaired the bench and handed down the judgment? Write a brief biographical note on this judge, including his later career. What controversial statement did he make about Sharia law, in 2008? Name and date three out-of court-speeches made by this judge. How would you summarise his views on human rights? Lord Phillips CJ chaired and delivered the judgment. Nicholas Addison Phillips was born in 1938 and had his education at Bryanston School, Blandofrd, Dorset and Kings College, Cambridge. He served in Royal Navy. He was enrolled into the bar in 1962 and started his judicial service as a Recorder in 1982. After his stint as a High Court judge in 1987 and an appeal court judge in 1995, he became a Lord of appeals in 1999 and Master of the Rolls at the Court of Appeal, Civil division in June 2000. During his tenure, he heard appeals of General Augusto Pincohet, former dictator of Chile and ruled that he was not entitled to immunity from extradition. He presided over well known trials including the appeals from Maxwell brothers and Barlow Clowes, an investment company. He also conducted the BSE enquiry and concluded that a timely action by the government would have prevented the spread of the disease. Known for his simplicity of cycling to court, he is married to Cristylle Marie-Therese Rouffiac and has two children.1,2. During his speech before the London Muslim Council on 3 July 2008, he expressed that he was in favour of Sharia law being introduced in England and Wales provided it did not conflict with the laws of the country or did not result in severe punishments being imposed. Adding that there had been widespread misconception about Sharia law in England, he advocated that it could be used for alternative dispute resolution forms such as mediation and arbitration besides applicat ion of the Sharia law to marriage formalities. He also welcomed introduction of Islamic financial products. 3. Lord Phillip’s three out of court speeches: 1) â€Å"The Supreme Court And Other Constitutional Changes In The UK† before â€Å"Members Of The Royal Court The Jersey Law Society and Members Of The States Of Jersey â€Å" at The Royal Court St Helier Jersey 2nd May 2008. 2) â€Å"Lord Mayor’s Dinner for the Judges† at the Mansion House on 15 July 2008. 3) â€Å"Equality before the Law† at East London Muslim Centre on 3 July 2008. Lord Phillip has said that Human Rights are not hampering the efforts of the government to fight against terrorism. He reminds that Britain has welcomed refugees from all over the world after the World War II to guarantee them protection from violation of their human rights. â€Å"The so called 'war against terrorism' is not so much a military as an ideological battle. Respect for human rights is a key weapon in that ideological battle.†4 4. Who was the second ranking judge in the case? What was his role at the time? What is his job now? Write a brief biographical note on him. What is his special relationship with Kingston University? Name and date three out-of-court speeches made by this judge. What is his reputation on sentencing? Second ranking judge was Justice Poole. Sir David Anthony Poole was born on 8 June 1938 and died on 18 June 2006 shortly

At universities and colleges Essay Example for Free

At universities and colleges Essay In today’s society, a large number of the students in universities and colleges have less physical exercise than ever before and hardly go out of the campus to have some social activities. Many people argue that students pay more attention to the study than their health which may because they[SQQ1] do not get enough financial support. As to this problem, I hold the opinion that sports and social activities are just the same significant as classes and libraries and receiving equal financial support can have many benefits though it still has some shortages[SQQ2]. In what follows, I will illustrate my point of view. First of all, today’s students need to face more challenges which means they specially should have a better body[SQQ3] to fight for their future. Enough sports and social activities can help them become healthy not only physically but also mentally. As we can see, some of the students in universities choose to end their own lives because of their pressure on scores or other things and we can easily find most of these students hardly do exercise and even never go out to do social activities such as volunteer work. If this part of the students can regard sports and social activities quite important, they may have a healthier psychology and may not end their own life[SQQ4]. Secondly, if the universities can give sports and activities equal financial support as classes and libraries and build up enough gyms and exercise areas, it can be more convenient for students to keep fit. Because of the schools’ support, the students do not need to go out of the school to do social activities and they can find more chances in school campus like joining the school’s Red Cross to visit the local welfare center for children. Also, the increasing sports place can even bring students the convenience to do any sports any time they like. However, it can still have several disadvantages. For example, the schools  may have less money than before to support students’ study which means the school may invite less famous professors from all over the world to make speech for students. In conclusion, I hold the view that sports and social activities should be regarded as important as classes and libraries and should also get the same large amount of financial support which can help the students have a healthy body physically and mentally. These two facto

White Noise :: essays research papers

Hoop Dreams pages 130 through 240   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In these chapters the two boys lives separated greatly. William had hurt his foot, and he had a baby girl. Arthur was playing very bad at basketball, and his family was becoming more poor then ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The way that this book is organized is a very simple one. The book is divided into two different parts. One of the parts is about the life of William, and the other part is about the life of Arthur. Both boys know each other, and sometimes their lives mix together. The chapters also include the stories about the families of each individual person. The story moves on with time, and each players life is documented. Sometimes the thing that can be confusing is how the two boys get mixed together. I mean I could be reading about one person and get it confused with the other person. Also sometimes the chapters go into too much detail about the family members of the two kids. I think that the book would be easier to read if the book was just one big story. If it didn’t feel like I was reading two books at once it would be much easier to read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book had one point that extremely interested me. That point had to do with Arthur’s dad Bo. Bo had to lower himself to robbery to try to support his drug habit. Bo used to be a good man and he had everything going for him. He had a family, and for a while he even supported his family. But when the drugs came he lost all hope. While he was robbing he was caught, and eventually he was sentenced to jail. In jail he found god, and decided to devote his life to god. This was interesting to be because, this incident changed Bo’s life forever. After finding Christianity Bo changed around completely. Eventually he stopped doing bad things, and importantly he stopped doing drugs ( â€Å"I don’t get high no more,† Bo said â€Å"I don’t sell cocaine.† You just poisoning yourself†). Also he got back to his family, and he stopped being a deserter of his family. To me this was important because religion saved his life. Before religion he was on the road to death and destruction. I believe that many prisons should try to spark religion back into the peoples lives, because right now Bo is a good man.

Obesity †case study and health promotion paper Essay

Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions, and has become a major health problem of out society. According to Peeters et al. (2007), 32% or 60 million people are now obese in the United States. The condition develops as a result of the interaction between genetics, lifestyle behavior, and cultural and environmental influences. Fat accumulates when more energy is consumed than expended. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has adopted a classification system of body mass index (BMI). BMI, the indirect measure of body fat, identifies the overweight and obese individuals. A BMI of 25-29 kg/m2 is considered overweight, 30-34 kg/m2 is mild obesity, 35-39 kg/m2 is moderate obesity, and above 40 kg/m2 is extreme obesity (Palamara, Mogul, Peterson, Frishman, 2006). Obesity develops due to high-fat, high carbohydrate diet coupled with a decline in physical activity. Modern living conditions, eating habits, and quality of food lead to over-consumption of cheap, super sized portions. More cars, roads, and fast food restaurants at every corner, as well as quick, ready to eat microwavable dinners loaded with fat, salt, and simple carbohydrates are easier and often less expensive than nutritious, quality food products. Furthermore, the technology has made humans rely on mechanical devices. The automated inventions designed to make life easier, perform thousands of tasks that in the past required physical labor. As a result of sedentary life and over-consumption, the excessive fat accumulates in the body, and may have significant health consequences. Multiple research studies have revealed that excessive weight gain increases the risk of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and many forms of cancer. In particular, abdominal obesity has been recognized as strongly associated with the development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Behn & Ur, 2006) (Chen et al., 2007) (Balkau et al., 2007) (Despres, 2007). Due to the dangerous health risks of obesity, it is considered a disease that requires treatment (Palamara et al., 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.) estimated that medical expenses related to obesity cost $92.6 billion in the year 2002, and the condition causes 300,000 deaths per year. Nevertheless, prevention of the multiple health consequences of obesity is possible by weight reduction. Bardia, Holtan, Slezak and Thompson (2007) suggested that: â€Å"Even a small decrease in a patient’s weight would result in better control of multiple diseases, enhance quality of life, greatly improve a patient’s morbidity, and result in lower health care use and medical costs†. In addition to preventing many diseases, weight reduction can improve the already present disorders. Research indicates that weight loss of 4% to 8% is associated with a decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 3 mmHg (Mulrow et al., 1998). The main weight reducing interventions include: diet, exercise, psychological, behavioral, pharmacotherapy, surgery, and alternative therapies (Vlassov, 2001). However, the long term effectiveness of these interventions has not proven effective, as majority of people regain their weight after losing it (Biaggioni, 2008). Guidelines for weight reduction suggested by NHLBI involve the following: initial reduction of 10% of body weight, low calorie diet (800-1500 kcal/d); 30% calories from fat, 15% calories from protein, and 55% calories from carbohydrates, daily deficit of 500-1000 kcal to lose one to two pounds per week during six months, long term weight maintenance, and physical activity for 30 to 45 minutes three to five days a week (Palamara et al., 2006). Health care providers are faced with the prevention and management of a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which effective life long interventions are desperately needed. CASE STUDY Bob is a 38 year old white male. Except for hypertension, he considers himself healthy. He has seen his family doctor three months ago for regular blood pressure check up, as he does every six months. Bob is married, has four adolescent children, and works as an automobile dealer for fourteen years. Past medical history: hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia Allergies: none to medications, latex, animals, foods, or environmental Hospitalizations / surgeries / injuries: tonsillectomy in childhood Medications: lisinopril 20mg orally daily Family medical history: mother and brother with hypertension Social history: lives with wife and children, all very supportive of each other, get along well, drinks 2 glasses of whiskey socially on weekends, denies smoking or illicit substance use Physical activities: walks on treadmill for twenty minutes once or twice a week, occasionally plays volleyball with family on weekends Daily intake patterns: breakfast – four sandwiches with cheese and ham; lunch – home made soup, cooked or fried sausage; dinner – salad, lots of potatoes, 2 portions of steak or meatloaf or chicken, pickled vegetables; supper – pasta with sauce or pizza; snacks – chips, cookies, candy, pretzels and fruits, all throughout the day; fluids – 8 glasses of soda, juice, water or milk. Review of systems: unremarkable, no complaints. Weight: 280 pounds, Height: 6’3†³, Waist circumference: 52†³, BMI: 35kg/m ², BP: 150/90 mmHg Most recent abnormal laboratory tests: total cholesterol – 220, triglycerides – 310 All other results including glucose, blood count, BUN, creatinine, and liver enzymes were within normal range. Bob admitted that weight loss has been one of the greatest challenges for  him. His several previous attempts at weight reduction have been unsuccessful. He expressed willingness and readiness to try again, but was concerned that he would not be able to follow the plan long term. Bob’s family was very supportive, and willing to help with his weight loss attempts. To identify the health risks of obesity, and to determine interventions to reduce those risks, research articles were examined. The search for relevant studies was conducted using OVID MEDLINE, PUB MED, CINAHL, and COCHRANE databases. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE Dietary interventions form the fundamental element of the management of obesity. There is a wide variety of possible diets, but no consensus on which is the most effective for weight reduction. A review by Noakes and Clifton (2004) compared the effects of a low carbohydrate diet and a low fat diet. Overall, the studies revealed that a very low carbohydrate diet resulted in significantly more weight loss than low fat diet in the short to medium term. On the other hand, a moderately low carbohydrate diet resulted in similar weight loss as a low fat diet. Moreover, the very low and moderately low carbohydrate diets have been found to more effectively reduce triglyceride, and increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels compared to low fat diet. Again, comparison between the low carbohydrate and low fat diets was performed by Lecheminant et al. (2007). In a quazi-experimental design, 102 participants were assigned either to a low carbohydrate (LC) or a low fat (LF) group. Both groups followed a very low energy diet and lost significant body weight (LC 20.4 kg, LF 19.1 kg) and waist circumference. The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. In addition to the diet, all participants were involved in brisk walking 300 minutes per week, and all were issued pedometers to monitor their progress. Also, both groups were equally effective at preventing weight re-gain over six months, and both groups were found to have a decreased blood pressure as a result of weight loss. Similarly, a systematic review by Pirozzo, Summerbell, Cameron and Glasziou (2002) compared the effects of a low fat diet to low calorie diet and low carbohydrate diet. Six randomized controlled trials with a total of 594 participants were analyzed over a period of six to eighteen months. Overall results demonstrated non-significant differences in weight loss, weight maintenance, serum lipids, and blood pressure between all the diets reviewed. Moreover, a one year randomized trial by Dansinger, Gleason and Griffith (2005) compared Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish diets. A single center randomized trial assigned 160 participants among the four diet groups. After one year, all diet groups were found to have significantly reduced weight and waist size, without significant differences between groups. Similarly to previous studies, low carbohydrate diets reduced triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure, all except Ornish diet group increased high density lipoprotein (HDL), and all except Atkins diet group reduced low density lipoprotein (LDL). In addition to energy restriction through the diet, energy expenditure may enhance weight loss. In a meta-analysis by Shaw, Gennat, O’Rourke and Del Mar (2006), 41 randomized controlled clinical trials were analyzed to determine the effects of exercise in overweight and obese adults. The multiple exercise interventions included walking, jogging, cycle ergometry, weight training, aerobics, treadmill, stair stepping, dancing, ball games, calisthenics, rowing, and aqua jogging. The 3476 participants exercised three to five days a week for a median duration of forty five minutes a day. Several of the studies compared exercise to diet either alone or in combination with exercise. The results revealed that exercise alone led to marginal weight loss, but when combined with diet produced significant weight reduction. Moreover, comparing the intensities of the various types of exercise activities, it was found that both high and low intensity exercises were associated with weight loss. Nonetheless, high intensity induced only slightly more weight reduction than low intensity, but when the diet component was added, the difference between high and low intensity was not significant. Additionally, the findings revealed that systolic blood pressure reduction was favored by diet over exercise, and diastolic blood  pressure was reduced equally likely by exercise as by diet. Furthermore, exercise did not reduce cholesterol levels, but was found to reduce triglycerides equally well as diet. Patients involved in the exercise trials improved diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, and glucose levels regardless of whether they lost weight. One of the most difficult aspects of weight loss plans is consistent adherence to exercise. A meta-analysis by Richardson et al. looked at the effects of walking on weight reduction (2008). 307 participants in nine interventional studies were provided with pedometers to monitor step count. Pedometers served as motivational tools to self monitor and reach the goals of walking. The participants logged the daily recorded steps, and reviewed their results during group meetings. On average about 0.05 kg was lost per week after walking two thousand to four thousand steps per day. Although the amount of weight lost in the trials was small, adherence to walking programs and increasing step count according to preset goals is important for the beneficial effects on health. The physical activity reduced the risk of cardiovascular events, lowered blood pressure, and helped maintain lean muscle mass of the participants. The studies have shown that the use of pedometer is helpful in monitoring the progress of physical activity, and is a good way to motivate continued increase in walking. Another meta-analysis compared different psychological interventions and their effects on weight reduction (Shaw, O’Rourke, Del Mar, Kenardy, 2005). 36 randomized controlled clinical trials including 3495 participants were evaluated. The majority of studies assessed the effects of behavioral interventions on weight loss. The duration of clinical contact with the participants ranged from 7 to 78 weeks, with sessions lasting 60 minutes weekly. The techniques included stimulus control, goal setting, and self-monitoring. The therapies enhanced dietary restraints by providing adaptive dietary strategies, and by increasing motivation for physical activities, and to maintain adherence to the healthier lifestyle. Behavioral therapy was successful at decreasing weight as a stand-alone strategy (2.5 kg), and even greater weight reduction was attained when combined with diet and exercise (4.9 kg). Several evaluated studies also assessed cognitive  therapy, psychotherapy, relaxation therapy, and hypnotherapy, but the results of these either did not reveal significant weight reduction, or resulted in weight gain. Moreover, a number of studies found that weight loss was associated with reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose. These findings once again confirm the important health benefits of reducing weight. Overall, the research suggests that most diets are equally effective at weight reduction. There are multiple more or less popular diets known, and according to Dansinger et al. (2005), more than one thousand diet books are now accessible. Instead of searching for the best available, obese patients should be advised that any diet would be more effective than the one they are currently consuming. Moreover, diet modification has been shown to be more effective than exercise, but both are beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Exercise does not have to be intense, and walking on most days of the week is sufficient for risk reduction when continued long term. Finally, addition of behavioral interventions may strengthen motivation and self monitoring, and enhance weight loss maintenance. INTERVENTIONS AND RESULTS Bob was presented with the literature findings on health risks and health promotion, and was encouraged to lose weight by diet, and involvement in more physical activities. He was introduced with the possible options, and it was recommended that he participates in designing his weight loss plan. This way Bob could have more control over the interventions, and was able to incorporate his preferences. Bob identified his perceived benefits of losing weight as: improved body image, mood, physical fitness and agility, reduced blood pressure, and reduced risk of comorbidities. The main barriers were mainly the resistance to eliminate favorite foods, and occasional laziness to perform physical activities. Instead of starting one of the multiple popular diets, Bob decided to reduce  his portion sizes initially by 30%, substitute supper and snacks by fruits and vegetables, and eliminate soda and juice. To assure smaller portion sizes, Bob was encouraged to use a smaller plate than usual. He also agreed to drink at least two liters of water a day, especially with meals, to reach satiety sooner. He was encouraged to keep a journal of all his daily intakes of food and drink to monitor his diet, and to identify some hidden sources of excess consumption. Moreover, to avoid excess eating, Bob was instructed to only eat at the table, and to not allow family members to eat any food while sitting on the couch or in front of the computer. He also decided to become more physically active, and his choice of daily exercise was walking. Bob was encouraged to purchase a pedometer to monitor progress in physical activity, aiming for at least two thousand steps a day. Richardson et al. (2008) informed that a two thousand step walk was estimated to equal one mile. Bob was also encouraged to set weekly walking goals, slowly increasing his step count. Bob’s family was also involved in his attempt to lose weight. To help him attain his goals, family members planned to show support for Bob’s exercise by joining him. Furthermore, Bob was encouraged to identify situations of daily living providing opportunities for more physical activities, for example parking further away from the entrance at work and grocery store. Weekly meetings evaluated Bob’s progress, and discussed about difficulties of following the plan. Bob remained strongly motivated throughout the eight weeks of intervention, and successfully reached most of his weekly dietary and exercise goals. Portions of his meals decreased steadily until no more than 50% of initial food intake was reached, and the snacks included fruits and vegetables only. Daily step count reached up to six thousand steps on some days, and daily walks through the park with his wife became an enjoyable routine. To everyone’s surprise, during the third week Bob decided to accompany his sons to the health club twice a week, where he swam in the pool for one hour. He expressed feeling energized after any physical activity. Several small relapses were recorded when Bob missed a couple days of walking, and could not resist eating high calorie or high fat foods. At the end of eight weeks of interventions, Bob has lost nine pounds, reduced his BMI to 33.9 kg/m ², and his waist circumference decreased by 1.25 inches.  Also, his systolic and diastolic blood pressure was slightly reduced. Unfortunately, the effect on the blood lipid level has not been tested. In conclusion, during only eight weeks Bob turned from moderately obese to mildly obese, and remained motivated to continue the weight loss plan. DISCUSSION Research has revealed that any diet, as long as caloric intake is restricted, will result in weight loss. It has been calculated that to lose one pound a week, one has to restrict food intake by 500 kcal per day. Patients often get discouraged by the slow effects of weight loss. On the other hand, studies point that â€Å"more restrictive diets have lower compliance rates and increased weight regain† (Palamara et al., 2006). Unfortunately, losing the  weight is not the biggest challenge. What people mostly fail at is maintaining the reduced weight. Effective weight maintenance requires not only decreasing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure, but also modification of behaviors that predispose to weight gain. Bob monitored his daily dietary intake, and avoided situations leading to overeating. Also, the pedometer monitored the amount of walking, and served as a motivational tool. Moreover, intrinsic motivation for physical activities, as described by Teixeira et al. (2006), is the satisfaction from participating in an activity, while extrinsic motivation describes the desire of slimmer appearance, and weight management. The authors presented that the extrinsic motives correlated with short term weight loss, whereas intrinsic motives predicted long term results. Bob expressed enjoyment of daily walks through the park, which correlates with intrinsic motivation, and therefore he is likely to continue over longer period of time. It is important that diet or exercise is maintained for the pleasure and positive feelings brought on by the activity. IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE The continuing rise in obesity and related risk factors, and failure of maintaining long term weight loss result in increasing prevalence of comorbidities. Health care costs related to treating ailments resulting from obesity will continue to rise, unless health care providers utilize more effective measures to deal with the problem. Promoting healthy nutrition and lifestyle early in life may prevent the development of obesity. It is a great challenge for nurse practitioners to help patients maintain their weight. Although the recommended compositions of various diets include specific amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and protein, the research revealed that it is the total caloric content that is responsible for weight loss, regardless of nutrient partitioning. Once the patient is ready and willing to commit, the treatment strategy should be devised together. Since the variety of diet options have been shown to have similar effects, the nurse practitioner can help match the nutritional plan with patient’s dietary preferences. Although diet was found to be more effective in weight reduction than exercise, patients with cardiovascular risk factors should be  educated about the benefits of physical activities. It is important to encourage continuous participation in exercise, even when no reduction of weight is observed. Lifestyle changes can be difficult to sustain for the patient, hence continuous support and motivation by a nurse practitioner are necessary. The interventions require dedication of both, the patient and the nurse practitioner. Also, counseling patient’s family, and encouraging to get involved in loved one’s struggle through weight loss and weight maintenance may provide additional support, and contribute to lasting behavior changes. Behavioral strategies such as encouraging setting appropriate goals, self monitoring and evaluation may increase the chance of success. Patient’s satisfaction with the choice of diet and physical activity, and successful long term adherenc e are the best predictors of lifelong weight maintenance. CONCLUSION The comorbidities associated with obesity substantially lower the individual’s quality of life, and are also becoming an enormous burden on health care. Successful treatment and prevention of obesity can reduce the occurrence of its complications. Dieting is resented by most individuals, therefore it is necessary to assist patients to find appropriate and motivating interventions that can be successfully followed life long. Patient’s willingness to commit to a long term adherence is essential to permanent lifestyle changes. It is a long and difficult journey from deciding to lose weight to the successful long term results, but even small losses of weight can produce important health benefits. REFERENCES Balkau, B., Deanfield, J.E., Despres, J.P., Bassand, J.P., Fox, K.A., Smith, S.C.Jr., Barter, P., Tan, C.E., Van Gaal, L., Wittchen, H.U., Massien, C., Haffner, S.M. (2007, October). International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. _Circulation, 116_(17), 1942-51. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Bardia, A., Holtan, S.G., Slezak, J.M., Thompson, W.G. (2007, August). Diagnosis of obesity by primary care physicians and impact on obesity management. _Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82_(8), 927-32. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Behn, A., Ur, E. (2006, July). The obesity epidemic and its cardiovascular consequences. _Current Opinion in Cardiology, 21_(4), 353-60. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Biaggioni, I. (2008, Feb). Should we target the sympathetic nervous system in the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension? _Hypertension, 51_(2), 168-71. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Chen, L., Peeters, A., Magliano, D.J., Shaw, J.E., Welborn, T.A., Wolfe, R., Zimmet, P.Z., Tonkin, A.M. (2007, December). Anthropometric measures and absolute cardiovascular risk estimates in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study. _European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14_(6), 740-5. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Dansinger, M.L., Gleason, J.A., Griffith, J.L., et al. (2005). Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction. _Journal of American Medical Association, 293,_ 43-53. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from Electronic Journals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). _Overweight and obesity: Economic consequences, 2007._ Retrieved February 7, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/economic_consequences.htm Despres, J.P. (2007, June). Cardiovascular disease under the influence of excess visceral fat. _Critical Pathways in Cardiology: A Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 6_(2), 51-9. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Lecheminant, J.D., Gibson, C.A., Sullivan, D.K., Hall, S., Washburn, R., Vernon, M.C., Curry, C., Stewart, E., Westman, E.C., Donnelly, J.E. (2007, November). Comparison of a low carbohydrate and low fat diet for weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults enrolled in a clinical weight management program. _Nutrition Journal, 6,_ 36. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from PubMed database. Mulrow, C.D., Chiquette, E., Angel, L., Cornell, J., Summerbell, C., Anagnostelis, B., Brand, M., Grimm, R.Jr. (1998). Dieting to reduce body weight for controlling hypertension in adults. _Cochrane Hypertension Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4),_ CD000484. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database. Noakes, M., Clifton, P. (2004, February). Weight loss, diet composition and cardiovascular risk. _Current Opinion in Lipidology, 15_(1), 31-35. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Palamara, K.L., Mogul, H.R., Peterson, S.J., Frishman, W.H. (2006). Obesity: new perspectives and pharmacotherapies. _Cardiology in Review, 14_(5), 238-58. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Peeters, A., O’Brien, P.E., Laurie, C., Anderson, M., Wolfe, R., Flum, D., MacInnis, R.J., English, D.R., Dixon, J. (2007, December). Substantial intentional weight loss and mortality in the severely obese. _Annals of Surgery, 246_(6), 1028-33. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Pirozzo, S., Summerbell, C., Cameron, C., Glasziou, P. (2002). Advice on low-fat diets for obesity. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2),_ CD003640. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database. Richardson, C.R., Newton, T.L., Abraham, J.J., Sen, A., Jimbo, M., Swartz, A.M. (2008, Jan-Feb). A meta-analysis of pedometer-based walking interventions and weight loss. _Annals of Family Medicine, 6_(1), 69-77. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from CINAHL database. Shaw, K., Gennat, H., O’Rourke, P., Del Mar, C. (2006). Exercise for overweight or obesity. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4),_ CD003817. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database. Shaw, K., O’Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2),_ CD003818. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from COCHRANE database. Teixeira, P.J., Going, S.B., Houtkooper, L.B., Cussler, E.C., Metcalfe, L.L., Blew, R.M., Sardinha, L.B., Lohman, T.G. (2006, Jan). Exercise motivation, eating, and body image variables as predictors of weight control. _Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38_(1), 179-88. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database. Vlassov, V.V., (2001). Weight reduction for reducing mortality in obesity and overweight. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3),_ CD003203. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database.

If Only I Had Been More Careful, That Wouldn’t Have Happened Essay

Do you still remember the very last journey we took which ended our relation?I remember every single moment on that day.It still fresh in my mind and i think i’ll never forget in my entire life.I still remember one week before that day.I planned to a trip with you for around five days.I wanted to show you my hometown and introduce you to my family members my family members and bring you also visited some tourist attractions there.Not only that, i had prepared a ring for a romantic moment.When the day came,i felt more excited and even felt a little nervous and anxious.On the way back to my hometown,i was extremely happy and thought about introducing you to my family members.I was holding your hand on my lap while driving.You asked me not to hold your hand too tight. You said i looked cute in my nervousness.We continued our journey but my mind had wondered away,not paying fully attention to my driving.I had increased the car speed and because of that crashed in on other car.The accident not only shocked me but also scared you.Not even one second after the crash,my car had turned over and rolled down the hill.Luckily our car stuck on a big tree.You did not have any injuries from this accident but i knocked my head on the steering wheel and i was bleeding.After leaving the car,i hugged you tightly into my bosom,but this time you hardly tried to push me away.You made me feel the warmth and touch as you rubbed off the blood on my forehead and put on a plaster.I felt more nervous about our relationship although we did not argue about anything. In about 20 minutes,the tow car towed my car to a workshop and we returned to our homes.After that accident,you did not speak.There was no smile on your face and you looked numb,no matter how i tried to make laugh and talk.Nothing worked.The next morning,i went to your room.I could not find you,i saw your room was empty but you had left a letter for me.You left me silently without saying goodbye to me.At that moment,i felt you had been cruel to me,cruel to our relationship.Our relationship just ended silently.Two years of being together had been wasted.The dream to marry you had broken.I felt everything was hopelessIf only i had been more careful,that wouldn’t have happened.

Loose Ethics in US Congress

Loose Ethics in US Congress Free Online Research Papers In today’s United States Congress the loose interpretation of the rules is a major problem. Since some of the guidelines have room for interpretation members have gone against the common practices in order to get the votes needed for legislation. In November 2003, a bill on prescription drug coverage for Medicare may be one of the best examples of this loose interpretation of the rules. It has been common practice since 1973 when electronic voting began to hold votes open for fifteen minutes, though votes have been left open for a few minutes after the norm to accommodate members who were delayed to the floor (Mann Ornstein, 2006). In November 2003 the vote was left open for two hours and fifty-two minutes. Members both republican and democrat where outraged. If this could be allowed all the normal practices of the house have been thrown out. The new way would consist of allowing votes to remain open in order for the majority to gain the votes needed to pass legislation. Also , during this vote, a member of Health and Human services was allowed on the floor to twist arms and lobby. This display violated a long standing tradition of the House, in which the floor is off limits to outsiders. The senate has also showed a decline in the normal procedures, the filibuster, which was normally used only in times in which it had been limited to matters of great national importance , has became common practice by the minority party . They use the filibuster in order to raise the bar to sixty votes instead of fifty when a filibuster threat was raised (Mann Ornstein, 2006). Instead of using the unlimited debate that is allowed in the Senate to power in bipartisanship and good for the general interest of the people, the rules have been bent to further party interest. The barrage of uncommon and loose rule bending practices threatens to taint the integrity of the United States Congress and the welfare of the United States citizens. The congress was set up in a way that would allow for our representatives to constructively make the right choices and changes for our country and if not follow in order to further party or personal gains. Due to the loosening of the rules it has caused a breakdown in the framework of our government. Research Papers on Loose Ethics in US CongressQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesOpen Architechture a white paper

Opening a New Branch of Disneyland in Dubai Research Paper

Opening a New Branch of Disneyland in Dubai - Research Paper Example Dubai and other Emirates are governed by seven hereditary Sheikhs also known as Emirs. The seven emirates choose the presidents among themselves. Dubai’s Emir, Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan is also the president of UAE. He was reelected to his fourth consecutive term in 1991by the Supreme Council of Rulers, the highest body in the country. The council meets informally. The Vice President and Prime Minister is the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum. There is also a cabinet with various ministries distributed among the seven Emirates. The president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The Federal National Council is the parliament. It was formed in 1972 and is considered a landmark in UAE’s legislative and constitutional process. The role of the parliament is to advice the Supreme Council and the Cabinet. The FNC is made up of 40 members appointed by rulers of the 7 Emirates. The United Arab Emirates is the founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council which was created as a conference in Abu Dhabi in 1981. Member countries include Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman. UAE is also a member of the Islamic Conference Organization, the United Nations and the League of Arab States. Dubai is basically a civil law jurisdiction, having been influenced by Roman, French and Islamic laws. The increasing presence of international law firms from Common law jurisdiction had confirmed the application of Common Law principles in commercial contract. This, to some extent, has influenced the UAE legal system. A number of codified laws are used to regulate matters arising, such as maritime affairs, labor relations, commercial agencies, commercial transactions, intellectual property and commercial companies. There are two types of laws in Dubai, federal (which apply to all the Emirates) and local (which apply to Dubai only).

Abortion Should not be legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abortion Should not be legal - Essay Example Abortion is considered to be immoral crime affecting not only the mother but also the family, the community, and most significantly the fetus. To undergo an abortion is not an easy decision that makes rather complicated condition and tied up with severe consequences. The pregnant woman who might soon to become a mother should endure the process of abortion where the fetus is slaughtered within the uterus and extract from the mothers body. The decision making regarding the abortion often turns out to be a regrettable option. The parents may think abortion is the only right thing to do at the time but in a while, they may recognize that they actually needed to keep the child and it is too late. And thereon, it affects individuals, family, and the society who said ‘yes’ to the abortion process to be done. Therefore, by legalizing the act, no one is left with a choice, where anyone who says ‘yes’ to abortion must be liable for punishment. Abortion adversely affe cts the teens and youths by perverting them that there is a crooked way out of the unwanted pregnancy. The awareness should be given to the teens on the effectiveness of abstinence from unwanted sex, by which they do need not worry about the consequences of unwanted pregnancy. ... It simply means that aborting a fetus will not contribute to any role modeling skill to show off to your younger ones. Such decisions made regarding abortion can even tear families apart. It becomes tougher for a female to live in a family that forced her to undergo abortion. The consequences are too hard that even the parents of the girl who had an abortion may ask her to keep away from her younger siblings in order to avoid bad influence. Subsequently, such situations may cause more psychological traumas to the girl. The greatest impact of abortion is on the women who must suffer the most out of the process. Many of the major medical journals published recently shows that abortion contributes to increased suicide, clinical depression, and psychiatric problems in women. A renowned psychotherapist Theresa Burke, PhD, has written in her recently published book Forbidden Grief that in many ways women can be tormented for the abortion undergone for years (Beckman). She had brought forwa rd many personal accounts and events that contribute more than the sufficient evidence to reject the particular political view point that abortion not mattes. She puts in that 65-70 percent of women who undergo abortion hold a negative attitude towards the procedures (Beckman). The effects of the abortion on women start at the very beginning of the abortion process. As Barnes describes, the most conventional method of abortion is the surgical method vacuum aspiration, where the mother suffers form excess bleeding, pelvic infection, abdominal swelling, cervical tears, and in extreme cases death too. Another method used for abortion is taking mifepristone followed by misoprostol which often